1. On the island, Ransom saw a picture of the solar system, and one of the planets was makred as Malacandra. That certain planet was Mars.
2. The Oyarsa there had become silent, unlike the other planets. The other planets never hear anything from Earth, thus becoming Thulcandra.
3. I would say he was afraid and not afraid at the same time. It wasn't about how Oyarsa was a different creature, it was about how He was being interogated. The fear of tests, which all humans should have, is very relatable to Ransom's situation.
4. His pride overtook him and he tried to destory Malacandra(?). Failing this attempt, he was bound to Earth, and will never be able to be heard.
5. Weston thought that the elderly hross was the thing that was speaking, and that's why he's extremely dumb.
6. Not sure...
7. I'm guessing... A hat.
8. I don't exactly understand Weston's plan, so I don't think I can summarize it.
9. Oyarsa said that it would take the weapons out of the ship except for the one that Ransom is going to get. It also said that the "eldila of deep heaven" would make sure that he did not get killed by the other two.
10. I don't have a favourite past in the book.